SANSKRIT PART-OF-SPEECH TAGSET

This POS tagset for Sanskrit is developed by Dr. R. Chandrashekar as part of Ph.D. thesis ‘Part-of-Speech Tagging for Sanskrit’ (2007) under the supervision of Dr. Girish Nath Jha at Special Centre for Sanskrit Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

The tagset is classified according to the morphological structure of Sanskrit words. There are three kinds of tags in this tagset. Word class main tags, feature sub-tags and punctuation tags. The tag as a whole is a combination of word class main tag with feature sub-tags separated by a delimitor underscore (indeclinable and punctuation tags do not have sub-tags). All tags bear Sanskrit names[1][1] with letter-digit acronymic in Roman script.

All the words in Sanskrit have inflections so they all get feature sub-tags except avyaya-s. These inflections (vibhakti-s) also suggest the syntactic relations between the words in a sentence. So tags in this tagset are morho-syntactic tags. Few tags have semantic nature along with morphological nature. NK and NB are the tags for the nouns which have the sense of agent and impersonal/abstract nouns which are morpho-semantic in nature. So the tagset has tags with morphological, syntactic and semantic features. This tagset is developed as a general purpose tagset which can be used for shallow parsing simple sandhi-split prose Sanskrit text.

The tagset has 65 word class tags, 43 feature sub-tags, and 25 punctuation tags and one tag AJ to tag unknown words – a total of 134 tags.

The word class tags are 8 Noun tags, 8 Pronoun tags, 3 Adjective tags, 9 Participle tags, 2 Number tags, 14 Compound tags, 11 indeclinable tags and 10 verb tags.

Feature tags are three .3 (p,s,n); 8x3 = 24 (Nominal)Case and Number tags (1.1 through 8.3); 4 Verb base modifying tags (Nd, Yn, Sn, Ni); 1Verbal Preposition (UPA); 2 Pada tags (P and A); 2 voice tags (Kr and Bh, default kartari is unmarked); 3x3 = 9 (Verbal) Person and Number tags (1.1 through 3.3).

Annotation Guidelines

Noun Tags

Gender sub-tags: p,s,n (for masculine, feminine and neuter)

Declensional sub-tags: 1.1 for prathama vibhakti eka vacana,

1.2 For prathama vibhakti dvi vacana.... so on

8.1 For sambodhana prathama vibhakti eka vacana

N	Nāmapada (Common Noun, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. adriú, grāma, rāja)
NA	NāmaAbhidhāna (Proper noun, with gender, number and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. indrah, gir´§aú, rādhikā, ¶itthaú)
NAD	Nāma Abhidhāna Desa (Proper Noun Country, with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. vidarbhāú, lā āú)
NAP	Nāma Abhidhāna Pum_apatya (Patronymic Noun, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. rāghavaú, vai§ravaöaú, jānak´)
NAS	Nāma Abhidhāna Stri_apatya (Metronymic Noun, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., pārthaú, saumitriú)
NAT	Nāma Abhidhāna Tadraja (Tadraja Noun, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. maithilaú, vaidehaú)
NS	Nāma Sannaarthaka ( Noun Desiderative, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., pipāsā, cikitsā, cik´r·uú)

E.g.: वेगेन - N_p_3.1 (nāmapada-puµliºga-t¨t´yā-vibhakti-eka-vacana) and tagged as - वेगेन[N_m_3.1] (tag within the square brackets)

Compounds

NCDI	Nāmapada which is a Compound of Dvandva Itaretara type (Coordinative Enumerative Compound which is a Noun, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. rŒmak¨·öau, rŒmalak·maöabharata§atrughnŒú)
NCDS	Nāmapada which is a Compound of Dvandva SamŒhara type (Coordinative Collective Compound which is a Noun, with neuter gender, and singular number and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. pŒöipŒdam, ŒhŒranidrŒbhayam)
NCT2	Nāmapada in 2^nd case Compounded to form Tatpuru·a dvit´yŒ type (Determinative Compound (accusative), with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. k¨·öa§ritaú, duúkhŒt´taú)
NCT3	Nāmapada in 3^rd case Compounded to form Tatpuru·a trt´yŒ type (Determinative Compound (instrumental), with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. haritrŒtaú, nakhabhinnaú, vŒkkalahaú)
NCT4	Nāmapada in 4^th case Compounded to form Tatpuru·a caturth´ type (Determinative Compound (dative), with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. yèpadŒru, gohitam)
NCT5	Nāmapada in 5^th case Compounded to form Tatpuru·a pa–cam´ type (Determinative Compound (ablative), with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. corabhayam, svargapatitaú)
NCT6	Nāmapada in 6^th case Compounded to form Tatpuru·a ·a· h´ type (Determinative Compound (genitive), with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. rŒjapuru·aú, devendraú)
NCT7	Nāmapada in 7^th case Compounded to form Tatpuru·a saptam´ type (Determinative Compound (locative), with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. ak·a§auö¶aú, ´§varŒdh´naú)
NCAl	Nāmapada Compounded without the deletion of case inflection to form Aluk type (gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. dhana–jayaú)
NCNT	Nāmapada Compounded with negation to form Na– Tatpuru·a type (gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. abrŒhmaöaú)
NCK	KarmadhŒrya Compound (with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. ghana§yŒmaú, mukhakamalam, k¨·öasarpaú, §uklak¨·öaú)
NCD	Dvigu Compound (with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. ·aömŒturaú, pa–cava ´, pa–catantram)
NCB	Bahuvr´hi Compound (with gender, number and declensional sug-tags) (e.g. pitŒmbaraú, cakrapaniú)
NCA	Avyaya Compound (e.g. yathā§akti, am§ām§i) Adverbial Compound

Pronoun Tags

With/without gender, number and declension sub-tags

SN	Sarva Nāman (Pronoun Other, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., anyaú, aparā)
SNU	Sarva Nāman Uttama (Pronoun First Person, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., asmad)
SNM	Sarva Nāman Madhyama (Pronoun Second Person, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., tvad)
SNA	Sarva Nāman îtman (Pronoun Reflexive, with or without gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., nijaú, svasya)
SNN	Sarva Nāman Nirdesatmaka (Pronoun Demonstrative, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., idam, saú)
SNP	Sarva Nāman Prā§nārthika (Pronoun Interrogative, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., kim, kad)
SNS	Sarva Nāman Sāmbandhika (Pronoun Relative, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., yaú, yā)

अस्य[SND_p_6.1] (Pronoun demonstrative masculine ·a· h´-vibhakti eka-vacana)

Adjective Tags

With gender, number and declension sub-tags

NVI	Nāma VI§e·aöa (Adjective, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., sundaraú, krurā)
NVIT	Nāma VI§e·aöa Tulanatmaka (Adjective Comparative, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., alpabhāgyataraú, §reyaú)
NVIA	Nāma VI§e·aöa Atishayavaci ( Adjective Superlative, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., sattamaú, jye· hā)

विशालाः[NVI_p_1.3] (Nāma VI§e·aöa masculine prathama-vibhakti bahu-vacana)

Number Tags

With gender, number and declension sub-tags

SAM	Saµkhyā (Cardinal Number, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., ekaú, dve)
SAMY	Saµkhyeya (Ordinal Number, with gender, number, and declensional sub-tags) (e.g., prathamaú, tur´yā)

अष्टौ[SAMC_p_1.3](Cardinal Number masculine prathama-vibhakti bahu-vacana)

Participle Tags

With gender, number and declension sub-tags

Extra: with Nic: Ni_KB2_psn = kAritavat

with Nominal: Nd_Ni_KB2_psn = kRupAyita

KV1	Krdanta Vartamana 1 (Satr, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. kurvan, gacchat) Past Active Participle
KV2	Krdanta Vartamana 2 (Sanac, Satr, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. labhamanah, vardhamanam) Past Middle/Active Participle
KB1	Krdanta Bhuta 1 (, Kta with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. drstah, gatam) Past Passive Participle
KB2	Krdanta Bhuta 2 (Ktavat, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. uktavat, drstavan) Past Active Participle
KAa	Krdanta Agami a (sya-satr, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. karisyat ) Future Active Participle
KAb	Krdanta Agami b (sya-sanac, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g.karisyamana ) Future Passive Participle
KVI1	Krdanta VIdhyarthaka 1 (-ya, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. karya) Gerundive
KVI2	Krdanta VIdhyarthaka 2 (-tavya, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. kartavya) Gerundive
KVI3	Krdanta VIdhyarthaka 3 (-aniya, with gender and declensional sub-tags) (e.g. karaniya) Gerundive

क्रियमाणः[KV2_p_1.1](vartamāna-k¨t-§atranta puµliöga prathamā-vibhakti eka-vacana)

Verb Tags

For 'Atmane pada' - add 'A' before the lakAra tag

For 'parasmai pada' - add 'P' before the lakAra tag

lakAra tags

laT lakAra Vartamana - laTV

liT lakAra Bhuta - liTB

luT lakAra Agami - luTAg

lR^iT lakAra Agami - lR^iTAg

loT lakAra Ajna - loTA

la~N lakAra Bhuta - la~NB

li~N lakAra vidhi - li~NVi

li~N lakAra AshI - li~NAs

lu~N lakAra Bhuta - lu~NB

lR^i~N lakAra Sanketa - lR^i~NS

For 'purusha' and 'vacana' - 1.1 - prathama purusha eka vacana

1.2 - prathama purusha dvi vacana

1.3 - prathama purusha bahu vacana

2.1 - madhyama purusha eka vacana

2.2 - madhyama purusha dvi vacana

2.3 - uttama purusha bahu vacana

3.1 - uttama purusha eka vacana

3.2 - uttama purusha dvi vacana

3.3 - uttama purusha bahu vacana

These ' puru·a ' and 'vacana' tags will come after the lakara tag

laTV	VLaT ( preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Vartamana Present Tense (bhavati)
liTB	BLiT (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Bhuta Past Tense (bhabhuva)
luTAg	AgLuT (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Agami Future Tense (bhavita)
lRuTAg	AgLRuT (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Agami Future Tense (bhavisyati)
loTA	ALoT (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Ajna Imperative mood (bhavatu)
la~gB	BLa~g (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Bhuta Past Tense (abhavat)
li~gVi	Vidhi li~g (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Vidhi Potential mood (bhavet)
li~gAs	Ashir li~g (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Ashih Benedictive mood (bhuyat)
lu~gB	BLu~g (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Bhuta Past Tense (abhut)
lRu~gS	SLRu~g (preceded with either P (parasmai) or A (atmane) and post joined with purusa and vacana sub-tags) Sanketa Contitional mood (abhavisyat)

E.g. - for 'वहति' - the tag will be - P_laTV_1.1 - (parasmai-pada laT-lakAra prathama-purusha eka-vacana) and tagged as वहति[P_laTV_1.1] (tag within square brackets)

Other Sub-tags: Ni – öijanta – Causal Verb – precedes lakāra tag

e.g. kārayati[P_Ni_laTV_1.1]

Sn – sannanta – Desiderous Verb – precedes lākara tag

e.g. cik´r·ati[P_Sn_laTV_1.1]

Nd – nāmadhātu – Nominal Verb – precedes lākara tag

e.g. putr´yati[P_Nd_laTV_1.1]

Kr – karmani – Passive Verb – precedes lākara tag

e.g. pa hyate[A_Kr_laTV_1.1]

Bh – bhave – precedes lākara tag

e.g. – bhèyate[A_Bh_laTV_1.1]

Avyaya Tags

 Tag	Description & Examples
AV	AVyaya (e.g. atha, iva, nu, saha) Particles
AVN	AVyaya Ni·edhārthaka (e.g. na, naiva, nahi, mā) Negative
AVC	AVyaya Conjunctive (e.g. ca, tu) Conjunctive
AVD	AVyaya Disjunctive (e.g. vā, athavā) Disjunctive
AVP	AVyaya Prā§nārthika (e.g. api, kinnu) Interrogative
AVT	AVyaya Tumunnanta (e.g. gantum, pātum) Infinitive
AVK	AVyaya Ktvānta (e.g. bhuktvā, pa hitvā) Gerund
AVL	AVyaya Lyabanta (e.g. ava-lambya, pra-h¨tya) Gerund
AVKV	AVyaya KriyāVi§e·ana (e.g. uccaiú, niicaiú) Adverbs
UD	UDgara (e.g. hā, hanta) Interjection

नमः[AV], उच्चैः[AVKV]

Punctuation and other Tags

|	PUN_VV - Punctuation VŒkya VirŒma - sentence end marker, half shloka marker, etc
||	PUN_SA - Punctuation êloka Anta - shloka end marker
,	PUN_LV – Punctuation Laghu VirŒma – comma
?	PUN_PC – Punctuation Pra§na Cihna - question mark
!	PUN_AC – Punctuation î§carya Cihna - exclamatory mark
‘	PUN_UC – Punctuation Uddharana Cihna 1 - quote open
’	PUN_SC – Punctuation Samvarana Cihna 1 - quote close
“	PUN_UCd – Punctuation Uddharana Cihnadvaya - double quote open
”	PUN_SCd – Punctuation Samvarana Cihnadvaya - double quote close
(	PUN_VU1 – Punctuation Valaya-Uuddharana Cihna 1 - open braces
)	PUN_VS1 – Punctuation Valaya-Samvarana Cihna 1 - close braces
[	PUN_VU2 Punctuation Valaya-Uddharana Cihna 2 - open square bracket
]	PUN_VS2 Punctuation Valaya-Samvarana Cihna 2 - close square bracket
{	PUN_VU3 – Punctuation Valaya-Uuddharana Cihna 3 - open flower bracket
}	PUN_VS3 Punctuation Valaya-Samvarana Cihna 3 - close flower bracket
-	PUN_DS dash
:	PUN_CL colon
;	PUN_VA – VŒkya-anga Anta - semi-colon
/	PUN_BS – Punctuation back slash
+	PUN_PL - Punctuation plus sign
=	PUN_EQ - Punctuation equal sign
.	PUN_BIN – bindu - Punctuation dot
*	PUN_LAG - Laghvikarana - abbreviation marker ( पं* for पंडित)
AB	AB AnyaBhŒ·Œ - foreign word
SAM-SAM	SAM-SAM hyphenated number (१९४७-२००६)

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